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The independent-samples t-test requires (a) two independent samples celebrex 200mg sale arthritis pain medication cream, (b) normally distributed interval or ratio scores discount celebrex 200mg free shipping arthritis in feet australia, and (c) homogeneous variance generic celebrex 200mg line arthritis fingers diet. Homogeneity of variance means that the variances in the populations being represented are equal trusted celebrex 200mg arthritis pain uk. The confidence interval for the difference between two ms contains a range of differences between two s, one of which is likely to be represented by the difference between our two sample means. Two samples are related either when we match each participant in one condition to a participant in the other condition, or when we use repeated measures of one group of participants tested under both conditions. The confidence interval for mD contains a range of values of D, any one of which is likely to be represented by the sample’s D. The power of a two-sample t-test increases with (a) larger differences in scores between the conditions, (b) smaller variability of scores within each condition, and (c) larger ns The related-samples t-test is more powerful than the independent-samples t-test. Effect size indicates the amount of influence that changing the conditions of the independent variable had on the dependent scores. Cohen’s d measures effect size as the magnitude of the difference between the conditions. The proportion of variance accounted for (computed as r2 ) measures effect pb size as the consistency of scores produced within each condition. The larger the proportion, the more accurately the mean of a condition predicts individual scores in that condition. All other things being equal, should you create a related-samples or an independent-samples design? We study the relationship between hot or cold baths and the amount of relaxation they produce. The relaxation scores from two independent samples are Sample 1 (hot): X 5 43, s2 5 22. We investigate if a period of time feels longer or shorter when people are bored compared to when they are not bored. Using independent samples, we obtain these estimates of the time period (in minutes): Sample 1 (bored): X 5 14. A researcher asks if people score higher or lower on a questionnaire measuring their well-being when they are exposed to much sunshine compared to when they’re exposed to little sunshine. A sample of 8 people is measured under both levels of sunshine and produces these well-being scores: Low: 14 13 17 15 18 17 14 16 High: 18 12 20 19 22 19 19 16 (a) Subtracting low from high, what are H0 and Ha? A researcher investigates whether classical music is more or less soothing to air- traffic controllers than modern music. She gives each person an irritability question- naire and obtains the following: Sample A (classical): n 5 6, X 5 14. We predict that children exhibit more aggressive acts after watching a violent television show. The scores for ten participants before and after watching the show are Sample 1 (After) Sample 2 (Before) 5 6 4 4 7 3 2 1 4 3 (a) Subtracting before from after, what are H0 and Ha? You investigate whether the older or younger male in pairs of brothers tends to be more extroverted. You obtain the following extroversion scores: Sample 1 (Younger) Sample 2 (Older) 10 18 11 17 18 19 12 16 15 15 13 19 19 13 15 20 (a) What are H0 and Ha? A rather dim student proposes testing the conditions of “male” and “female” using a repeated-measures design. These success scores were obtained: No Course Course 11 13 14 16 10 14 12 17 8 15 14 12 15 13 18 9 11 11 (a) Should a one-tailed or a two-tailed test be used? What is the difference between an experiment versus a correlational study in terms of (a) the design? In recent chapters, you have learned about three different versions of a confidence interval. When computing a confidence interval, should you use the one-tailed or two-tailed tcrit? For the following, identify the inferential procedure to perform and the key infor- mation for answering the research question. To perform the independent samples t-test: D 2 D tobt 5 1©X22 s 2 D ©X 2 2 N df 5 N 2 1 sX 5 N 2 1 4. The formula for the confidence interval for mD is 1n 2 12s2 1 1n 2 12s2 2 1 1 2 2 1s 212t 2 1 D # # 1s 211t 2 1 D spool 5 D crit D D crit 1n1 2 12 1 1n2 2 12 5. The formula for Cohen’s d for independent 2 1 1 samples is sX 2X 5 spool a 1 b 1 2 B n n 1 2 X 2 X 1 2 1X 2 X 2 2 1 2 2 d 5 1 2 1 2 2s2 tobt 5 pool sX 2X 1 2 6. The formula for the confidence interval for the d 5 2s2 difference between two ms is D 7. The formula for r2 is 1sX 2X 212tcrit2 1 1X1 2 X22 # 1 2 2 # pb 1 2 1sX 2X 211tcrit2 1 1X1 2 X22 1t 22 1 2 2 obt rpb 5 2 3. To perform the related samples t-test: 1t 2 1 df obt 1©D22 With independent samples, df 5 1n1 2 12 1 ©D2 2 N 1n2 2 12 With related samples, df 5 N 2 1. Your goals in this chapter are to learn ■ The terminology of analysis of variance. Believe it or not, we have only one more common inferential procedure to learn and it is called the analysis of variance. This is the parametric procedure used in experi- ments involving more than two conditions. This chapter will show you (1) the general logic behind the analysis of variance, (2) how to perform this procedure for one common design, and (3) how to perform an additional analysis called post hoc comparisons. Each condition of the independent variable is also called a level, or a treatment, and differences in scores (and behavior) produced by the independent variable are a treatment effect. It is important to know about analysis of variance because it is the most common infer- ential statistical procedure used in experiments. Such complex designs are common because, first, the hypothe- ses of the study may require comparing more than two conditions of an independent variable. Second, researchers often add more conditions because, after all of the time and effort involved in creating two conditions, little more is needed to test additional conditions. We’ll create three conditions containing the unpowerful n of five participants each and provide them with the same easy ten math problems. However, we will tell participants in condition 1 that the problems are easy, in condition 2 that the problems are of medium difficulty, and in condition 3 that the problems are difficult. Our dependent variable is the number of problems that participants then correctly solve within an allotted time. If participants are tested under only one condition and we do not match them, then this is a one-way, between-subjects design. Each column is a level of the factor, containing the scores of participants tested under that condition (here symbolized by X). The symbol n stands for the number of scores in a condition, so here n 5 5 per level.
Histograms also show whether there are any gaps in the data which is common in small data sets discount 100mg celebrex visa arthritis medication and hair loss, whether there are any outlying values and how far any outlying values are from the remainder of the data discount 100mg celebrex with amex arthritis of the back. The normal Q–Q plot shows each data value plotted against the value that would be expected if the data came from a normal distribution cheap 100 mg celebrex with amex arthritis in dogs help. The values in the plot are the quantiles of the variable distribution plotted against the quantiles that would be expected if the distribution was normal generic 200 mg celebrex otc arthritis knee gel injections. If the variable was normally distributed, the points would fall directly on the straight line. The detrended normal Q–Q plots show the deviations of the points from the straight line of the normal Q–Q plot. If the distribution is normal, the points will cluster ran- domly around the horizontal line at zero with an equal spread of points above and below the line. If the distribution is non-normal, the points will be in a pattern such as J or an inverted U distribution and the horizontal line may not be in the centre of the data. The box plot shows the median as the black horizontal line inside the box and the inter-quartile range as the length of the box. The inter-quartile range indicates the 25th to 75th percentiles, that is, the range in which the central 25–75% (50%) of the data points lie. If values are outside this range, they are plotted as outlying values (circles) or extreme values (asterisks). Extreme values that are more than three box lengths from the upper or lower edge of the box are shown as asterisks. Extreme and/or outlying values should be checked to see whether they are univariate outliers. If there are several extreme values at either end of the range of the data or the median is not in the centre of the box, the variable will not be normally distributed. If the median is closer to the bottom end of the box than to the top, the data are positively skewed. If the median is closer to the top end of the box, the data are negatively skewed. All of the plots should be inspected because each plot provides different 36 Chapter 2 information. These features indicate that the mean value will be an accurate estimate of the centre of the data and that the standard deviation will accurately describe the spread. The box plot for this variable appears to be symmetrical but has a few outlying values at the lower end of the data values. The box plot shows some outlying values and many extreme values at the upper end of the distribu- tion. Descriptive statistics 41 Detrended normal Q−Q plot of Length of stay 4 3 2 1 0 −1 0 50 100 150 200 250 Observed value 250 121 120 200 110 150 129 125 116 122 118 115 113 100 108 128 50 0 Length of stay Figure 2. The hypothesis of this test is that the distribution of the data is a particular distribution such as normal, uniform or exponential. To check for normality, a normal distribution is used for the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test. Decision The distribution of Birth weight is One-Sample Retain the 1 normal with mean 2,463. The distribution of Gestational age One-Sample Reject the 2 is normal with mean 36. The distribution of Length of stay is One-Sample Reject the 3 normal with mean 38. The P values for the test of normality in the One-Sample Kolmogorov–Smirnov Test table are different from Kolmogorov–Smirnov P values obtained in Analyze → Descrip- tive Statistics → Explore because the one-sample test shown here is without the Lilliefors correction. Without the correction applied this test, which is based on slightly different assumptions about the mean and the variance of the normal distribution being tested for fit, is extremely conservative. Once again, the P values suggest that birth weight is Descriptive statistics 43 Table 2. In this table, ‘Yes’ indicates that the check for normality provides evidence that the data follows an approximately normal distribution and ‘No’ indicates that the check for normality provides evidence that the data does not have a normal distribution. By considering all of the information together, a decision can be made about whether the distribution of each variable is approximately normal to justify using parametric tests or whether the deviation from normal is so marked that non-parametric or categorical tests need to be used. These decisions, which sometimes involve subjective judgements, should be based on all processes of checking for normality. The variable gestational age is approximately normally distributed with some indications of a small deviation. Parametric tests are robust to some deviations from normality if the sample size is large, say greater than 100 as is this sample. If the sample size had been small, say less than 30, then this variable would have to be perfectly normally distributed rather than approximately normally distributed before parametric tests could be used. Length of stay is clearly not normally distributed and therefore this variable needs to be either transformed to normality to use parametric tests, analysed using non-parametric tests or transformed to a categorical variable. There are a number of factors to consider in deciding whether a variable should be transformed. Parametric tests generally provide more statistical power than non-parametric tests. However, if a parametric test does not have a non-parametric equivalent then transformation is essential. However, difficulties arise sometimes in 44 Chapter 2 interpreting the results because few people think naturally in transformed units. For example, if length of stay is transformed by calculating its square root, the results of parametric tests will be presented in units of the square root of length of stay and will be more difficult to interpret and to compare with results from other studies. Various mathematical formulae can be used to transform a skewed distribution to normality. When a distribution has a marked tail to the right-hand side, a logarithmic transformation of scores is often effective. Either base e or base 10 logarithms can be used but base 10 logarithms are a little more intuitive in that 0 = 1(10 ), 1∘ = 10 (101), 2 = 100 (102), and so on and are therefore a little easier to interpret and communicate. Since logarithm functions are defined only for values greater than zero, any values that are zero in the data set will naturally be declared as invalid and registered as missing values in the transformed variable. In this data set, case 32 has a value of zero for length of stay and has been transformed to a system missing value for logarithmic length of stay. To ensure that all cases are included, for cases that have zero or negative values, a constant can be added to each value to ensure that the logarithmic transformation can be undertaken. This value can be subtracted again when the summary statistics are transformed back to original units. Descriptive statistics 45 Whenever a new variable is created, it should be labelled and its format adjusted. The log-transformed length of stay can be reassigned in Variable View by adding a label ‘Log length of stay’ to ensure that the output is self-documented. In addition, the number of decimal places can be adjusted to an appropriate number, in this case three and Measure can be changed to Scale. Once a newly transformed variable is obtained, its distribution must be checked again using the Analyze → Descriptive Statistics → Explore commands shown in Box 2.
As to diseases discount 100mg celebrex otc rheumatoid arthritis doctors, he should strive to achieve two things: to help buy cheap celebrex 200mg line arthritis treatment guidelines, or to do no harm cheap celebrex 200 mg with mastercard arthritis and exercise. The (medical) art consists of three components: the disease purchase celebrex 100 mg on-line arthritis in dogs supplements, the patient, and the doctor. It is succinctly summarised here in the words ‘to help, or to do no harm’ (Ýfele±n £ m blptein), a formula which is often quoted or echoed both in the Hippocratic Corpus and in later Greek and Roman medical literature. The Hippocratic Oath, which explicitly mentions the well-being of the patient as the doctor’s This chapter was first published in slightly different form in I. Thus, according to the Oath, the doctor is not allowed to give a woman an abortive, nor to administer a lethal poison, not even when being asked to do so; and the doctor is instructed to refrain from every kind of abuse of the relation of trust that exists between him and the patient. Yet it is also possible – as the word ‘or’ suggests – to take the formula in the sense of unintended harm: ‘To help, or at least to cause no harm’, that is to say, the doctor should be careful when treating the patient not to aggravate the patient’s condition, for example in cases that are so hopeless that treatment will only make matters worse, or in cases which are so difficult that the doctor may fail in the execution of his art; and as we shall see, there is evidence that Greek doctors considered this possibility too. In this chapter I will examine how this principle ‘to help, or to do no harm’ is interpreted in Greek medical practice and applied in cases where it is not immediately obvious what ‘helping’ or ‘causing harm’ consists in. I will study this question by considering the therapeutic sections of a number of Hippocratic writings (most of which date from the period 425–350 bce) and in the fragments of the fourth-century bce medical writer Diocles of Carystus. This passage has received ample attention in scholarship, and it is not my in- tention to give a detailed interpretation or an assessment of its historical reliability. By this I mean the position and relative importance of therapeutics within the field of medicine as a whole, which gives rise to 3 ‘I will use dietetic measures to the benefit of the patients... I will keep them from harm and injustice’ (diaitmas© te crsomai pì Ýfele©h tän kamn»ntwn... For more general assessments of Celsus as a source for the history of medicine see Smith (1979) 226–30 and (1989) 74–80; von Staden (1994b) 77–101 and (1999b); Stok (1994) 63–75; Temkin (1935) 249–64. To help, or to do no harm 103 questions such as the following: Are therapeutics and medicine identical? Or is therapeutics a part of medicine, or perhaps an aim (or even the aim) of medicine? Do they all have the same purpose, and are they all considered to be equally important? Is there a special status for dietetics (which does not necessarily aim at healing)? The answers to these questions are by no means obvious, yet they are of fundamental importance to an understanding of what Greek doctors of this period were up to and what they believed the purposes of their activities to be. As is well known, in sections 5–8 of the proem Celsus discusses the early period when the medical art was – in Celsus’ view perniciously – incorporated within the theoretical study of the nature of things (rerum naturae contemplatio) and he presents, with obvious approval, Hippocrates as the one who emancipated medicine out of the bondage of philosophy (studium sapientiae), the pursuit of knowledge for its own sake, which Celsus claims to be so fundamentally harmful to the body: Ergo etiam post eos de quibus rettuli, nulli clari uiri medicinam exercuerunt donec maiore studio litterarum disciplina agitari coepit (6) quae, ut animo praecipue omnium necessaria, sic corpori inimica est. Primoque medendi scientia sapien- tiae pars habebatur ut et morborum curatio et rerum naturae contemplatio sub isdem auctoribus nata sit, (7) scilicet iis hanc maxime requirentibus qui corpo- rum suorum robora quieta cogitatione nocturnaque uigilia minuerant. Ideoque multos ex sapientiae professoribus peritos eius fuisse accipimus, clarissimos uero ex his Pythagoran et Empedoclen et Democritum. At first the knowledge of healing was regarded as a part of wisdom,6 so that both the treatment of diseases and the study of natural things came into being under the same authorities, (7) clearly because those who most required it [i. For this reason, as we hear, many of those who claimed expertise in wisdom were experienced in it [i. He presents Diocles, Praxagoras and Chrysippus, as well as Herophilus and Erasistratus, as men who exercised the art to such an extent that they developed different ways of healing, and he points out that ‘also, in the same period’ a divison of medicine took place into regimen, pharmacology, and surgery: Post quem Diocles Carystius, deinde Praxagoras et Chrysippus, tum Herophilus et Erasistratus, sic artem hanc exercuerunt ut etiam in diuersas curandi uias pro- cesserint. Primam diaithtikn, secundam farmakeutikn, tertiam ceirourg©an Graeci nomi- narunt. After him Diocles of Carystus, and later Praxagoras and Chrysippus, and then Herophilus and Erasistratus practised the art in such a way that they even pro- ceeded into diverse modes of treatment. However, Celsus then seems to suggest that within dietetics (eius autem quae uictu morbos curat) a renewed interest in theoretical speculation took place: for he says that there were ‘famous authorities’ who, out of a desire for deeper understanding, claimed that for this purpose knowledge of nature was indispensable, because without it medicine was truncated and impotent (trunca et debilis). Eius autem quae uictu morbos curat longe clarissimi auctores etiam altius quaedam agitare conati rerum quoque naturae sibi cognitionem uindicarunt, tamquam sine ea trunca et debilis medicina esset. Quem Apollonius et Glaucias et aliquanto post Hera- clides Tarentinus et aliqui non mediocres uiri secuti ex ipsa professione se empiricos appellauerunt. Yet as for that part of medicine which cures diseases by regimen, by far the most famous authorities also tried to deal with some things at even greater depth and also claimed for themselves a knowledge of the nature of things as if, without this, 7 Translation according to van der Eijk (2000a) 3–5. He was followed by Apollonius, Glaucias, and some time later by Heraclides of Tarentum and several other very distinguished men, who on the strength of the very claim they made gave themselves the name of Empiricists. After those who have just been dealt with, however, no one indeed added anything to what he had accepted from his precursors until Asclepiades made major changes to the method of healing. Four brief comments on this passage are in order here: (i) The art of medicine as practised by Hippocrates is presented by Celsus in a rather narrow sense of the art of healing (curare), namely treatment or therapy, which raises the question what place, if any, is left for anatomy, physiology, prognostics and pathology – areas which are well represented in the Hippocratic Corpus. It is unclear, however, what Celsus means by ‘the same times’, and whether this tripartition is identical to, or a consequence of, the differentiation mentioned in the previous sentence, or in other words, how the sentences Post quem. I shall be brief about point (i), for it may be, and often has been, argued that this perception of Hippocratic medicine reflects, to a much greater extent than the other three points, Celsus’ personal view of the priorities in medicine. The Hippocratic Corpus provides evidence of an increasingly self-conscious medical profession, which is re- flecting on and promulgating its own principles, setting high standards 8 OnCelsusasareporterofRationalistmedicineseevonStaden(1994b);onCelsus’viewofHippocrates see Serbat (1995) liii–lvii; Mudry (1977) 345–52; Castiglioni (1940) 862–6. Thus, as is well known, the author of the Hippocratic work On Ancient Medicine criticises what he calls ‘philosophy’9 and its influence on medical practice, and he refers disparagingly to the use of ‘postulates’ such as the elementary qualities hot and cold as all-pervading explanatory principles in the understanding and treatment of the human body. Interestingly, he counters the criticism that medicine is not in all cases capable of restoring health by pointing out that this is not due to lack of skill or poor performance of doctors (although this may of course be the case), but due either to lack of co-operation by the patient or to the fact that the disease is, or has become, incurable – and in such cases, he argues, it is actually to the doctor’s credit to be realistic and to refrain from treatment. For while the Hippocratic Corpus does not contain works specifically devoted to therapeutics as such, two lead- ing medical writers of the subsequent generation, Diocles of Carystus and Praxagoras of Cos, are both reported to have written extensively on ther- apeutics per se in works entitled On Treatments (perª qerapeiän), at least four books being attested in the case of Diocles and three for Praxagoras;12 and it may be noted that Aristotle, too, is credited with a work On Reme- dies (De adiutoriis, in Greek probably perª bohqhmtwn). To help, or to do no harm 107 On Treatments is provided by the Methodist writer Caelius Aurelianus, who is not a very sympathetic reporter of Diocles’ therapeutic views. Yet some fragments allow us to get some impression of the difference of emphasis between the two works. Quarto autem libro de curationibus ‘Iuuenes’, inquit, ‘atque habitudine robustos et magis, quibus dolor ad latera fertur phlebotomandos probo ex manu dextera
Group 2 patients were given conventional comprehensive re- don was resulted from an injury caused by glass cut 45 days ago order 200 mg celebrex fast delivery arthritis in neck massage. Results: limitation on the right 1st metacarpophalangeal and interphalan- Before treatment cheap celebrex 200 mg line arthritis pain solutions, the patients in the control group and the obser- geal joints celebrex 100mg on-line arthritis quality of life questionnaire. After treatment order celebrex 200 mg fast delivery what does rheumatoid arthritis in fingers look like, before treatment 2 groups was developed on the distal interphalangeal joint. Conclusion: Tendon adhesion might be an obstacle on the rehabilitation of the tendon injury and ultrasound may be helpful for diagnosis. It results in restoration of prehensile functions of study is to assess whether immobilization after femur fracture sur- thumb. Material and Methods: Case report of 16-year-old male, resi- gery leads to atherosclerotic change in popliteal artery. Material and dent of Karachi Pakistan, had a foot ball hit on left thumb, while play- Methods: Fourteen patients who admitted for rehabilitation after ing, resulting in injury to the thumb. It presented with pain swelling surgical treatment of femur fracture (8 males and 6 females; mean and loss of movement of thumb. He was clinically examined and valgus stress testing of the left was measured by duplex ultrasound. Patient was followed up after 4 weeks of highly related to progression of atherosclerotic plaque formation. There was no pain,swelling or functional losses in activities with left 385 hand and thumb. Miyano een patients that underwent surgery for distal radius fracture were 1 prescribed hand therapy postoperatively according to the following Tokyo General Hospital, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine- protocol. On postoperative day 1, a cock-up splint was applied and Department of Orthopedics Surgery, Nakano-ku, Japan instructions given regarding active fnger motion. From week 1 to 3, Introduction/Background: The purpose of the present study was to active hand motion was allowed for washing hands or bathing. Muscle strengthening exer- with proximal femoral fracture at the rehabilitation wards. Hand function was lon- and Methods: The subjects were 40 patients (Mean age; 84yo) with gitudinally examined according to six items: wrist range of motion postoperative proximal femoral fracture. The results of the subjects on admission and at similar to the hand function before the fracture. That of dementia group increased to 79 points 386 at discharge from 70 points on admission. It is a rare congenital disorder which the central ray of the hand/ pattern and contracture of hands and fngers secondary tospasticity foot is affected. Material and and Methods: A 21-old man was admitted to our rehabilitation centre Methods: In this report we presented a 25 year old man with dys- with bilateral cleft foot and hands. Inability to hold things properly in kinetic cerebral palsy complains about left shoulder pain due to su- the hands and diffculty in walking were the main complaints of the praspinatus muscle tearing andadezive capsulitis occurred because patient. On the right hand, there was a cleft with absence of second, of his hopeless dyskinetic shoulder movements. On the left hand, there was a cleft with ab- pain while resting or activity and increase byshoulder movements. Wrists, forearms, elbows, In examination, range of motion of his left shoulder was limitedand ankles and knees were normal. He was taken 3 miligrams of clonaz- he born of a non-consanguineous marriage full-term by normal vagi- epam daily because of his involuntarymotions when he referred our nal delivery. The other medical and parental history was a day and gave 75 mg of pregabalin twice aday. Conclusion: Ectrodactyly is a rare syndrome with treatments, his complaint was remained unchanged. Hence we ap- congenital hand and foot abnormalities in which the central bony ele- plied suprascapular nerve block and injected botulinum toxin-a to ments are absent. We present this interesting case to call physicians’ his left brachialis, pronator teres, fexör carpi radialis, fexör digito- attentions towards this syndrome. Material and Methods: In this pa- Turkey per we report an incidentally case in a patient with Poland syndrome. Introduction/Background: Necrotizing fasciitis is defned as a rare, Results: A 23-year-old man was admitted to our outpatient clinic with life threatening soft tissue infection characterized by rapidly devel- complaints of diffculty in using the right shoulder. Material and Methods: A 22-year-old 4/5 in the shoulder fexors and adductors according to manual muscle man patient was admitted to our clinic with complaint of decreased testing. Muscle strength of elbow, wrist and fnger muscles were in range of motion and pain caused by joint movement on his left knee. No lymph node was to his medical history necrotizing fasciitis was diagnosed on his left palpable. Blood biochemistry and complete blood counts were with- lower extremity (affecting the anterolateral face of left thigh, about in normal ranges. Conclusion: Clinicians should keep Poland syndrome degrees on prone position and extension was measured 110 degrees in mind in the differential diagnosis of shoulder complaints. Flexion was increased up to 115 degrees and extension was limited minimally (about 5 de- 390 grees). Turkey There was, likewise, a decrease in abrasion ratings (improvement) for both experimental and control groups but were not signifcant. Conclusion: Intake of collagen hydrolysate com- mon, idiopathic entity characterized by diffuse fascial infammation bined with standard of care can signifcantly increase femoral articu- of extremities, peripheral eosinophilia and elevated acute phase reac- lar cartilage thickness in more areas compared to control. On physical examination, abduction and fexion was decreased 1Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Rehabilitation Medicine, minimally on the left shoulder. The passive range of motion of the Bangkok, Thailand left elbow was 110 degrees in fexion and –40 degrees in extension. Additionally, left Introduction/Background: Pes planus or fatfoot is the common foot 3–5. Search for an adjunct manage- ment has lead to studies on the potential benefts of nutraceuticals F. This study aims to determine the ef- Aranez2 fect of collagen hydrolysate as an adjunct treatment for patients 1Cebu City, Philippines, 2Southwestern university, College of Reha- with knee osteoarthritis based on pain scale and articular cartilage bilitative Sciences, Cebu City, Philippines thickness, clarity and abrasion using musculoskeletal ultrasound. Material and Methods: Patients from the University of Santo Tomas Introduction/Background: Public utility driving is one of the most Hospital and the Marikina Senior Citizen Association (n=110) were exhausting and physically demanding jobs of public transporta- randomized to either experimental (collagen hydrolysate + standard tion. A number of exercises and modalities sound (articular cartilage thickness at medial, lateral, central femo- have been applied in order to improve the extensibility of tight ral area; clarity; abrasion) at baseline and after 6 months. There was signifcant increase ing techniques in increasing muscle hamstring extensibility in the in all thickness measures of the experimental group except in the improvement of functional performance among public utility ve- lateral right knee. Material and Methods: This experimental study in- group but only in the lateral and medial femoral areas. Tripod sign test was used in determining the presence or absence of tightness in the hamstring muscle.
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