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Comparison of a novel 6-POWDER salbutamol multidose powder inhaler with a salbutamol metered dose inhaler in patients with asthma cheap quetiapine 200mg overnight delivery medicine ubrania. On demand treatment: 5 comparison of formoterol and terbutaline in moderate asthma quality 100 mg quetiapine medications causing dry mouth. SHORT and terbutaline for as-needed treatment of asthma: a randomised trial discount quetiapine 300mg otc symptoms emphysema. Comparison of salmeterol and albuterol-induced bronchoprotection against adenosine monophosphate and histamine in mild asthma discount quetiapine 200 mg overnight delivery medications 1. Taylor DR, Drazen JM, Herbison GP, Yandava CN, Hancox RJ, Town 6-LONG VS. Asthma exacerbations during long term beta agonist use: influence of beta adrenoceptor polymorphism. The influence of polymorphism 6-DESIGN at position 16 of the beta -adrenoceptor on the development of tolerance2 to beta-agonist. SHORT term treatment with regular inhaled salbutamol and salmeterol. A comparative study in atopic subjects with asthma of the effects of salmeterol and salbutamol on allergen-induced bronchoconstriction, increase in airway reactivity, and increase in urinary leukotriene E4 excretion. Quick-relief medications for asthma Page 109 of 113 Final Report Update 1 Drug Effectiveness Review Project Citation Exclusion Code Tierce JC, Meller W, Berlow B, Gerth WC. Assessing the cost of 6-DESIGN albuterol inhalers in the Michigan and California Medicaid Programs: a total cost-of-care approach. Proventil HFA and 6-DELIVERY ventolin have similar safety profiles during regular use. Efficacy of salmeterol in 6-DESIGN the treatment of childhood asthma. Bronchodilating 6-POWDER effect of terbutaline powder in acute severe bronchial obstruction. SHORT formoterol and terbutaline via Turbuhaler for 3 days in stable asthmatic patients. Levalbuterol compared to racemic 4 albuterol: efficacy and outcomes in patients hospitalized with COPD or asthma. Comparison of inhaled salbutamol powder and 6-POWDER aerosol in asthmatic patients with low peak expiratory flow level. An evaluation of asthma symptoms and the possible development of tachyphylaxis. Salmeterol, a new long acting inhaled beta 2 6-LONG VS. SHORT adrenoceptor agonist: comparison with salbutamol in adult asthmatic patients. Bronchodilating effect of 3 ipratropium bromide inhalation powder and aerosol in children and adolescents with stable bronchial asthma. Salmeterol in the treatment of children with 1 asthma. Evaluation of oral fenoterol in chronic asthmatic patients. Effect of order of administration of Alupent and Atrovent 5 inhalers when used in combination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Discriminative aspects of two generic and two asthma-specific instruments: relation with symptoms, bronchodilator use and lung function in patients with mild asthma. Unaltered perception of dyspnoea during 6 treatment with long-acting beta -agonists. Quick-relief medications for asthma Page 110 of 113 Final Report Update 1 Drug Effectiveness Review Project Citation Exclusion Code van der Woude HJ, Winter TH, Aalbers R. Decreased bronchodilating 6 effect of salbutamol in relieving methacholine induced moderate to severe bronchoconstriction during high dose treatment with long acting beta agonists. Van Ganse E, van der Linden PD, Leufkens HG, Herings RM, Vincken 6-DESIGN W, Ernst P. Asthma medications and disease exacerbations: an epidemiological study as a method for asthma surveillance. SHORT action of salbutamol and formoterol in reversing methacholine-induced bronchoconstriction. Potential masking effect on dyspnoea perception by short- and long-acting beta
A double-blinded placebo-controlled 52-week acute and continuation trial assessed 239 weight changes during bupropion treatment generic quetiapine 50mg with mastercard medicine 54 357. Bupropion-treated patients showed a modest but nevertheless significant decrease of body weight from baseline (-1 buy quetiapine 200mg free shipping medications given during dialysis. The magnitude of weight change was closely related to the body mass index (BMI) discount quetiapine 50 mg otc medicine app. Patients with a higher BMI experienced greater weight loss discount quetiapine 200 mg overnight delivery medicine 2000. Consistently, studies comparing mirtazapine with other second-generation antidepressants reported higher weight gains for mirtazapine than for the comparator groups. In 88-90 three RCTs, these differences reached statistical significance. Second-generation antidepressants 77 of 190 Final Update 5 Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project Gastrointestinal bleeding 240 241, 242 Evidence from one good and two fair case-control studies indicate an increased risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding during SSRI treatment. The good quality case control study matched 11,025 case patients suffering from bleeding abnormalities with 21,846 control patients. In addition, the study compared 1,008 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding with 1,990 control patients based on the ARNO database, a population-based database for drug use in Italy. This study excluded patients with a prescription for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, antihemorrhagics and antithrombotic agents. Seven percent of case patients with any bleeding disorder and 6. None of the studied antidepressants of interest (citalopram, escitalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, mirtazapine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine) were individually associated with an increased risk for either bleeding abnormalities or gastrointestinal bleeding. Furthermore, SSRIs as a class also did not yield an increased risk of any bleeding abnormality (OR 0. With respect to gastrointestinal bleeding, SSRIs as a class exhibited a numerically increased risk that did not reach statistical significance (OR 1. The other two included studies confirm an increased risk for upper gastrointestinal 241, 242 bleeding for patients on second-generation antidepressants. In contrast to the Italian-based study reported above, the two studies also enrolled patients who were on NSAIDs and other drugs. One study matched 1,552 case subjects with 68,590 control subjects using the Manitoba Population Health Research Data Repository. SSRIs were associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding (adjusted OR 1. Furthermore, this study investigated the effect of the combination of different drugs with SSRIs. The risk of suffering from upper gastrointestinal bleeding was higher in case subjects being medicated with SSRIs and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) (OR 3. Proton pump inhibitors had a protective effect (albeit not statistically significant) on upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients on SSRIs (OR 0. The other case control study was based on data from the Health Improvement Network database in the United Kingdom and provided similar findings. The study revealed a statistically significant association between a higher risk of upper gastrointestinal tract bleeding and the use 242 of SSRIs (OR1. Fractures We identified two studies assessing the risk of fractures for subjects on antidepressant 243, 244 medication. Both studies reported an increased fracture risk for patients with antidepressant intake. The larger study, a well conducted case-control study including 498,617 subjects (124,655 cases and 373,962 controls) from a Danish national prescription database, reported a significant dose-response relationship for citalopram, fluoxetine and sertraline with 243 respect to an increase of the risk of fracture. Amongst SSRIs, high-dose citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, and sertraline were associated with the highest risk for hip fracture (OR 1. Evidence regarding the impact of the duration of use on the risk of fractures was mixed for second-generation antidepressants. Findings of the Danish cohort study described above were consistent with results of a fair, population - based, prospective cohort study on the risk of nonvertebral fractures during 244 antidepressant treatment. This study on 7983 Dutch men and women, aged 55 years or older, revealed a 2. Subjects, who had been using SSRIs for at least six months had a 3. Hepatotoxicity Evidence from controlled trials and observational studies is also insufficient to conclude for or against an increased risk of liver toxicity during nefazodone treatment. Nevertheless, numerous case reports not included in this report contain low-level quality but potentially important 245 evidence citing an increased risk of liver toxicity during nefazodone treatment. One maker of nefazodone has announced that it is withdrawing the drug from the US market by June 2004 because of safety concerns (websource: www. An analysis of AERS data and a claims database on more than 60,000 patients who initiated duloxetine or venlafaxine found no difference in the risk of hepatic injury between the 246 two drugs. Hyponatremia Evidence from controlled trials and observational studies is insufficient to conclude for or against an increased risk of hyponatremia in patients treated with SSRIs. However, the methods of our report did not include case reports and case series. The published literature includes numerous case reports of hyponatremia and inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone as 247 rare side effects. Even if this evidence is considered weak, it could be important in the absence of studies with the methodological strength to account for rare adverse events. Seizures Evidence from controlled trials and observational studies is insufficient to conclude for or against an increased risk of seizures in patients taking any of the reviewed drugs, including bupropion. An analysis of FDA data derived from approval reports indicated a higher risk of 248 seizures for bupropion compared with other antidepressants. The standardized incidence ratio compared with placebo was 1. A recent chart review of 538 patients with deliberate self-poisoning with antidepressants reported that seizures were more common in patients with venlafaxine overdose than in patients 249 with TCA or SSRI overdose. Sexual dysfunction A subgroup analysis of a good Swedish RCT examined the incidence of sexual side effects from 53, 250 citalopram (20-60 mg/d) compared to those from sertraline (50-150 mg/d) in 308 study completers with MDD. Outcome assessment was conducted at baseline and at week 24. Citalopram and sertraline did not differ significantly in the magnitude and frequency of sexual side effects. Only one patient was lost to follow-up attributable to sexual side effects in this Second-generation antidepressants 79 of 190 Final Update 5 Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project study. Similarly, citalopram did not differ from paroxetine in sexual side effects in a 251 nonrandomized trial. A good meta-analysis including data on 1,332 patients reported a significantly higher rate of sexual satisfaction in bupropion- than in SSRI-treated patients with MDD (RR 1. Multiple studies indicated that bupropion has a lower risk of sexual dysfunction than 110, 114, 115, 128, 252 some SSRIs. Three studies assessed the incidence of sexual dysfunction in 114, 115, 128 depressed outpatients treated with bupropion or sertraline. Two fair-rated RCTs compared the incidence of sexual dysfunction in 360 and 364 patients with MDD during 8 weeks of treatment with bupropion (150-400 mg/d), sertraline (50- 114, 115 200 mg/d), or placebo.
Antiemetics Page 95 of 136 Final Report Update 1 Drug Effectiveness Review Project Exclusion Excluded Studies code # Fujii Y purchase quetiapine 300 mg on line medicine just for cough, Tanaka H quetiapine 200mg with visa symptoms high blood pressure, Kawasaki T buy quetiapine 200 mg free shipping hair treatment. Randomized clinical trial of granisetron discount quetiapine 200mg fast delivery medications used to treat bipolar disorder, droperidol and metoclopramide for the treatment of nausea and vomiting 2 after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. A comparison of granisetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide in the treatment of established nausea and vomiting after 2 breast surgery: A double-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Benefits and risks of granisetron versus ramosetron for nausea and vomiting after breast surgery: a randomized, 2 double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial. Prevention of nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery: Granisetron versus ramosetron. Granisetron, droperidol, and metoclopramide for preventing postoperative nausea and vomiting after 2 thyroidectomy. The effects of dexamethasone on antiemetics in female patients undergoing gynecologic surgery. Granisetron reduces the incidence and severity of nausea and vomiting after laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Prevention of nausea and vomiting with granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide during and after spinal 2 anaesthesia for caesarean section: A randomized, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial. Prevention of nausea and vomiting in female patients undergoing breast surgery: A comparison with granisetron, 2 droperidol, metoclopramide and placebo. Prevention of PONV granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide in female patients with history of motion sickness. Prophylactic antiemetic therapy with a combination of granisetron and dexamethasone in patients undergoing 2 middle ear surgery. A granisetron-droperidol combination prevents postoperative vomiting in children. Granisetron-droperidol combination for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients 2 undergoing breast surgery. Antiemetics Page 96 of 136 Final Report Update 1 Drug Effectiveness Review Project Exclusion Excluded Studies code # Fujii Y, Toyooka H, Tanaka H. Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting with a combination of granisetron and droperidol. Prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in female patients during menstruation: Comparison of droperidol, 2 metoclopramide and granisetron. Prophylactic anti-emetic therapy with granisetron, droperidol and metoclopramide in female patients undergoing 2 middle ear surgery. Double-blind, randomized comparison of ondansetron and intraoperative propofol to prevent 2 postoperative nausea and vomiting. Progress in the control of acute and delayed emesis induced 2 by cisplatin. Gebbia V, Testa A, Valenza R, Cannata G, Tirrito ML, Gebbia N. Oral granisetron with or without methylprednisolone versus metoclopramide plus methylprednisolone in the management of delayed nausea and vomiting 2 induced by cisplatin-based chemotherapy: A prospective randomized trial. Substance P (neurokinin-1) antagonist prevents postoperative vomiting after abdominal hysterectomy 2 procedure. Antiemetic effects of granisetron, droperidol and dexamethasone in otologic surgery. Goldschmidt H, Salwender H, Egerer G, Kempe R, Voigt T. Comparison of oral itasetron with oral ondansetron: Results of a double- blind, active- controlled phase II study in chemotherapy-naive patients receiving 2 moderately emetogenic chemotherapy. Ondansetron is no more effective than supplemental intraoperative oxygen for prevention of postoperative nausea 2 and vomiting. Comparison of cyclizine and ondansetron for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting in 2 laparoscopic day-case gynaecological surgery. Grond S, Lynch J, Diefenbach C, Altrock K, Lehmann KA. Comparison of ondansetron and droperidol in the prevention of nausea and vomiting after 2 inpatient minor gynecologic surgery. The effect of ginger and ondansetron on nausea and vomiting after middle ear surgery. Antiemetics Page 97 of 136 Final Report Update 1 Drug Effectiveness Review Project Exclusion Excluded Studies code # Hahlen K, Quintana E, Pinkerton CR, Cedar E. A randomized comparison of intravenously administered granisetron versus chlorpromazine plus 2 dexamethasone in the prevention of ifosfamide-induced emesis in children. A single-blind comparison of intravenous ondansetron, a selective serotonin antagonist, with intravenous metoclopramide in the prevention of nausea and vomiting associated with 2 high-dose cisplatin chemotherapy. Handberg J, Wessel V, Larsen L, Herrstedt J, Hansen HH. Randomized, double-blind comparison of granisetron versus granisetron plus prednisolone 2 as antiemetic prophylaxis during multiple-day cisplatin- based chemotherapy. Ondansetron versus primperan in treating nausea and vomiting for chemotherapy coordinated with cisplatin or 2 doxorubicin: 311 phase II clinical randomized controlled trial. Stability of cisplatin and ondansetron hydrochloride in admixtures for continuous infusion. Single-agent oral granisetron for the prevention of acute cisplatin- induced emesis: A double-blind, randomized comparison with granisetron 2 plus dexamethasone and high-dose metoclopramide plus dexamethasone. Heron JF, Goedhals L, Jordaan JP, Cunningham J, Cedar E. Oral granisetron alone and in combination with dexamethasone: A double-blind randomized comparison against high-dose metoclopramide plus 2 dexamethasone in prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis. Granisetron oral phase III clinical trial - Study on the inhibitory effect of granisetron for nausea/vomiting induced by 4 chemotherapy for tumors in the hematopoietic organs. The antiemetic efficacy and safety of granisetron compared with metoclopramide plus dexamethasone in patients receiving fractionated chemotherapy over 5 days. Antiemetic efficacy of granisetron compared with high-dose metoclopramide plus dexamethasone in patients 2 with primary lung cancer receiving chemotherapy: A randomized crossover trial. Antiemetics Page 98 of 136 Final Report Update 1 Drug Effectiveness Review Project Exclusion Excluded Studies code # Jacobson SJ, Leclerc JM, Cohn RJ, Pinkerton CR, Nishimura L, Spielberg S. Intravenous granisetron in children receiving highly emetogenic 6 chemotherapy: a double blind, dose-ranging study. Jantunen IT, Flander MK, Heikkinen MI, Kuoppala TA, Teerenhovi L, Kataja VV. Comparison of ondansetron with customary treatment in the prophylaxis 2 of nausea and emesis induced by non-cisplatin containing chemotherapy.
Interactions particularly with HIV-1 (Aoki 2004) cheap 50 mg quetiapine with visa symptoms diverticulitis, possibly also with other viruses such as HHV-6 and HSV-1 buy quetiapine 100 mg lowest price medicine jar, changed signal transduction chains discount 200 mg quetiapine symptoms 7dpo, an increased production of growth factors as well as cytokine dysregulation order quetiapine 50 mg without prescription medicine man dr dre, all may play a role (McCormack 2005). Among the HIV+ population, gay men are almost the only ones affected by KS; in HIV+ women, children or hemophiliacs, KS is a rare disease. An immune defect and/or low CD4 T cells promote emergence and growth of KS. However, severe Kaposi’s Sarcoma 413 immunodeficiency is not a prerequisite for the development of KS which is one of the few AIDS illnesses occurring in patients with a relatively preserved immune status. Approximately 29% of all patients who participated in the US in the years 1996– 2007 in KS studies, had more than 300 CD4 T cells/µl and an HIV plasma viremia below detection (Krown 2008). In one study, the activation of the CD8 T cells correlated more strongly with the progression than the number of CD4 T cells (Stebbing 2006). Interestingly, some cohorts with HIV-negative MSM developing KS have been reported (Rashidghamat 2014). Signs, symptoms and diagnosis HIV-associated KS does not have a preferential pattern of localization. It can begin on any area of the skin, but may also appear on oral, genital, or ocular mucous mem- branes. Typical findings at manifestation are a few asymptomatic purple macules or nodules. These lesions have a predilection for distribution along relaxed skin tension lines. As mentioned above, the disease progression is very variable: the tumors can remain unchanged for months to years, or grow rapidly within a few weeks and disseminate. Rapid growth can lead to localized pain and a yellow-green discoloration of the area around the tumor as a result of hemorrhage. Further progression of the tumor can lead to central necrosis and ulceration. Plaque-like and nodular KS lesions often become confluent and can be accompanied by massive lymphoedema. In the oral cavity, the hard palate is frequently affected. Lesions begin with purplish erythema and progress to plaques and nodules that ulcerate easily. KS lesions may also involve the external genitalia including the foreskin and glans penis. Regression of KS during treatment is not only indicated by reduction of the size of the lesions but also by change in color from dark to bright red. These often dirty-grey-brown to light brown hyperpigmenta- tions are caused by hemosiderin deposits and, possibly, increased stimulation of melanocytes due to inflammation. Diagnosis Diagnosis of cutaneous KS is usually made based on clinical findings. However, in all questionable cases a histologic diagnosis is recommended. Differential diagnosis includes other neoplasia such as cutaneous lymphomas or angiosarcoma, but also infectious diseases such as syphilis and bacillary angiomatosis. Histological findings include spindle-shaped cells with vascular channels lined by abnormal endothelial cells. Extravasated erythrocytes, hemosiderin, and fibrosis can often be seen. In all cases of KS, clinical staging procedures are recommended, including: 1. Complete inspection (oral and genital mucous membranes! Gastroduodenoscopy and colposcopy (both procedures obligatory when mucous membranes are involved) 4. Chest radiography (exclusion of a pulmonary KS) Treatment If KS is newly diagnosed in an HIV+ patient naïve to antiretroviral therapy, ART should be initiated: in early KS, additional chemotherapy is only required in 20% of cases (Bower 2009). In patients on ART without complete suppression of HIV plasma viremia, ART should be optimized. With decreasing HIV plasma viremia and immune 414 AIDS reconstitution, many KS lesions stabilize or even resolve completely without any specific treatment. Among 213 ART-naïve patients with early KS stages who were treated with ART alone, overall survival at five years was 95%, while progression-free survival was 77% (Bower 2014). In one Italian study in 22 ART-naïve KS patients, the overall clinical response rate to ART alone was 91%: 18 complete and 2 partial responses were achieved, and only two patients experienced disease progression. Complete remission was sustained in all 18 patients with complete response (Cattelan 2005). Animal and in vitro experiments have suggested a direct anti-proliferative effect of PIs (Sgadari 2002, Gantt 2011). There is some evidence that PIs may reduce oral shedding of HHV-8 (Gantt 2014) and that KS incidence is reduced with longer PI use (Kowalkowski 2015). However, there is no ART combination of choice for KS patients. PIs are not required necessarily as NNRTI-based regimens are also effective with regard to KS regression (Grabar 2006, Martinez 2006). With ART, there is also an improvement of the humoral response against HHV-8 (Sullivan 2010) and HHV-8 viremia rapidly decreases (Cattamanchi 2011). ART inter- ruptions should be avoided in patients with current or previous KS. In the SMART study, KS was among the most frequent AIDS-defining illnesses during treatment interruptions, in particular among patients with a history of KS (Silverberg 2007). ART as the only therapy is not recommended in all cases. In patients with rapidly progressive disease (especially in the setting of IRIS), with KS-related symptoms, or with visceral disease or lymphoedema, ART should be combined with cytotoxic chemotherapy (Grabar 2006). There are different options: Chemotherapy: Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin hydrochloride (Caelyx or Doxil) at a dosage of 20 mg/m² body surface is the treatment of choice (Di Trolio 2006). With Caelyx complete remission rates of up to 80% are possible (Lichterfeld 2005). Usually 6-8 cycles are required to achieve a good clinical response. Relapses during Caelyx therapy occur rarely and particularly during the first year (Martin-Carbonero 2008). During treat- ment, myelotoxicity and cardiotoxicity of doxorubicin should be considered. Although the latter is rare and occurs only above cumulative doses of 450 mg, echocardiography (ejection fraction? Another important side effect of Caelyx is palmo- plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE, “hand-foot-syndrome”), which becomes apparent as painful erythemas at hands and feet (Lorusso 2007). In August 2011, Janssen-Cilag reported a shortage of Caelyx (Doxil) due to pro- duction delays at a contract manufacturer. Intermittent capacity constraints were seen during the following months.
In these patients generic quetiapine 300mg fast delivery symptoms copd, the addition of sitagliptin or rosiglitazone to metformin was significantly more effective than the addition of placebo to metformin at lowering A1c (P≤0 generic 50mg quetiapine treatment plan for anxiety. The placebo-corrected LS mean change from baseline was -0 purchase 50mg quetiapine visa medicine pacifier. Also safe quetiapine 100 mg symptoms whiplash, comparisons between sitagliptin and rosiglitazone were conducted and showed no statistically significant differences in lowering A1c (between-group difference: -0. Similarly, there were no significant differences between sitagliptin-treated and rosiglitazone-treated patients in the proportion achieving A1c <7% (55% compared with 63%; between-group difference 8%, 95% CI, -6 to 22%). Slightly larger reductions in fasting plasma glucose (between-group difference: -12. Patients randomized to sitagliptin or placebo exhibited slight weight loss from baseline (sitagliptin, -0. Sitagliptin or placebo added to two existing oral hypoglycemic agents One fair-quality trial evaluated the addition of sitagliptin or placebo in patients whose glycemia was inadequately controlled on glimepiride 4-8 mg/d alone or glimepiride plus metformin 1500- 50 3000 mg/d. Results of sitagliptin or placebo added to glimepiride alone have already been Diabetes Page 67 of 99 Final Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project reviewed. In patients already on glimepiride plus metformin, the addition of sitagliptin improved A1c by 0. More sitagliptin-treated patients than placebo-treated patients also achieved the A1c goal of <7% (P<0. More than 95% of patients were also taking combination oral hypoglycemic agents at baseline and were considered to have failed this regimen either at screening or after several weeks of dose-stabilization of glimepiride and metformin before participating in a 2-week placebo run-in phase prior to randomization. Initial treatment with a combination of sitagliptin plus metformin compared with placebo Unlike other trials, this study compared initial combination therapy of sitagliptin plus metformin to placebo, sitagliptin monotherapy, and metformin monotherapy in subjects who were 54 inadequately controlled only on diet and exercise. As in the placebo-controlled monotherapy trials, patients in this study were taken off prior oral hypoglycemic agents and put through a diet and exercise run-in phase in addition to a 2-week single-blind placebo run-in period before enrollment. Approximately 50% of patients were taking oral hypoglycemic agents at baseline, implying that the remainder was medication naive. Mean A1c was close to 9% and duration of diabetes was less than 5 years (Table 22). In all treatment arms metformin was titrated to increase tolerability. The initial use of sitagliptin 100 mg/d plus metformin 2000 mg/d significantly improved A1c, fasting plasma glucose, postprandial glucose, weight, and proportion of patients achieving A1c <7% compared with sitagliptin plus metformin 1000 mg/d, placebo alone, sitagliptin monotherapy, or metformin monotherapy over 24 weeks (Table 22). In general, patients in all but 1 treatment arm showed weight loss (-0. Weight was unchanged for patients on sitagliptin monotherapy (0 kg) (weight data obtained from manufacturer). Diabetes Page 68 of 99 Final Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project Table19. Sitagliptinorplacebo addedto oneoralhypoglycem ic agent Changeinweight Percentrequiring Author, ChangeinA1c from ChangeinF PG from ChangeinPPG from Percentachieving from baselineat rescuem edication a year baselineat(%) baselineat(m g/dL ) baselineat(m g/dL ) A1c <7% (kg) (%) 24weeks 24weeks 24weeks 24weeks 24weeks 24weeks S/Pioglit P/Pioglit S/Pioglit P/Pioglit S/Pioglit P/Pioglit S/Pioglit P/Pioglit S/Pioglit P/Pioglit S/Pioglit P/Pioglit R osenstock, b 57 -0. Abbreviations:S/Pioglit,sitagliptinaddedtopioglitaz one;S/M E T,sitagliptinaddedtom etform in;S/G lim e,sitagliptinaddedtoglim epiride;P/-,placeboaddedto- P/= placebo;N R ,notreported. Sitagliptinorglipizideaddedto m etform in Percentrequiring Author, ChangeinA1c from ChangeinF PG from ChangeinPPG from Percentachieving Changeinweight rescuem edication year baselineat(%) baselineat(m g/dL ) baselineat(m g/dL ) A1c <7% from baselineat(kg) (%) 52 52weeks 52weeks 52weeks 52weeks 52weeks weeks S/M E T Glip/M E T S/M E T Glip/M E T S/M E T Glip/M E T S/M E T Glip/M E T S/M E T Glip/M E T S/M E T Glip/M E T N auck, 55 -0. Diabetes Page 69 of 99 Final Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project Table21. Sitagliptinorplacebo addedto two oralhypoglycem ic agents Percent Changein Changein Changein requiring ChangeinA1c F PG from PPG from Percent weightfrom rescue Author, from baseline baselineat baselineat achievingA1c baselineat m edication year at(%) (m g/dL ) (m g/dL ) <7% (kg) (%) 24 24 24 24 24 24 weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks weeks S/G/M P/G/M S/G/M P/G/M S/G/M P/G/M S/G/M P/G/M S/G/M P/G/M S/G/M P/G/M Herm ansen, b b a -0. Abbreviations:S/G /M ,sitagliptinadded-ontoglim epirideandm etform in;P/G /M ,placeboadded-ontoglim epirideand m etform in. Diabetes Page 70 of 99 Final Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project Table22. Initialcom binationof sitagliptinplus m etform incom paredwith placebo andindividualagents Author, year ChangeinA1c from baselineat(%) ChangeinF PG from baselineat(m g/dL ) ChangeinPPG from baselineat(m g/dL ) 24weeks 24weeks 24weeks S/M 1 S/M 2 M 1 M 2 S100 PBO S/M 1 S/M 2 M 1 M 2 S100 PBO S/M 1 S/M 2 M 1 M 2 S100 PBO G oldstein, 54 -1. Diabetes Page 71 of 99 Final Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project Harms In 5 trials with data suitable for meta-analysis, total withdrawals and withdrawals due to adverse events were lower among patients randomized to sitagliptin monotherapy than patients receiving only placebo (relative risk for total withdrawals 0. Patients on sitagliptin monotherapy also had lower rates of total withdrawal relative to patients on glipizide, who experienced more hypoglycemic events. When compared with metformin, however, sitagliptin was associated with a greater attrition rate, mainly due to withdrawal of consent, violations of protocol, and abnormalities in laboratory. The rate of total withdrawals was also higher in patients whose add- on therapy was sitagliptin than in patients using monotherapy metformin, pioglitazone, or glimepiride. The most commonly reported adverse events were hypoglycemia, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. A total of 5 deaths occurred in 3 trials over 24-52 weeks. None was considered to be related to study interventions; 3 were sudden cardiac deaths, 1 was secondary to trauma, and 1 was related to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and interstitial lung disease. Rare adverse events Five of the 10 randomized controlled trials reported adverse events. In those 5 trials adverse events occurring in at least 4% of study subjects included: upper respiratory tract infections, 47, 50, 55, 58 headache, influenza, nasopharyngitis, and urinary tract infection. Four studies reported small increases (≤10% from baseline) in mean white blood cell count, mainly an increase in absolute neutrophil count, in regimens with sitagliptin compared to regimens without. These increases appeared early and remained stable throughout the duration of the studies. No other trials provided data on changes in white blood cell count with sitagliptin. Hypoglycemia 53, 55 Two studies documented 20 cases of severe hypoglycemia, mostly associated with glipizide (90%) rather than with sitagliptin. In 1 trial 3 patients on glipizide monotherapy discontinued treatment. In the other trial 8 patients receiving glipizide plus metformin required non-medical, third-party assistance compared with 1 patient taking sitagliptin added to metformin. Seven patients taking glipizide plus metformin experienced severe symptoms requiring medical assistance compared with 1 patient receiving sitagliptin plus metformin. The remaining six studies reported no cases of severe hypoglycemia. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall risk of mild to moderate hypoglycemia between sitagliptin and placebo (pooled relative risk 1. The rate of mild-to-moderate hypoglycemia increased slightly when sitagliptin was added to glimepiride (7. Abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea There were no statistically significant differences between sitagliptin monotherapy and placebo 47, 48, 54 in the risk of abdominal pain (pooled RR 1. However, based on the elevated relative risks, there appears to be a trend for greater risk of experiencing abdominal pain, and nausea with sitagliptin monotherapy compared with placebo. Diabetes Page 72 of 99 Final Report Drug Effectiveness Review Project Compared with metformin monotherapy, sitagliptin was associated with lower incidence of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (Table 23). Combination therapy of sitagliptin plus glimepiride, metformin, or pioglitazone had <6% incidence of abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea; these results were not significantly different from their comparisons (Table 23).
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